\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[a4paper, total={17cm, 24.5cm}]{geometry}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage{amsmath}

\titleformat{\section}[display]
{\normalfont\large\bfseries}{}{0}{}

% ============================================
% Data to be filled in the report heading
% ============================================
% Name and Surname
\newcommand{\fullName}{Jan Novák}

% Academic Year
\newcommand{\academicYear}{2022/23}

% Year of Study
\newcommand{\yearOfStudy}{2.}

% Date of Measurement
\newcommand{\dateMeasurement}{5. 10. 2022}

% Date of Delivery
\newcommand{\dateDelivery}{12. 10. 2022}

% Number of laboratory group
\newcommand{\noGroup}{3}

% Number of Task
\newcommand{\noTask}{10}

% Title of Task
\newcommand{\titleTask}{
Measurement of ...
\\ % possible 2nd row of the title
}
% ==========================================


\begin{document}
\pagestyle{empty}

% Report heading (not necessary to modify this table)
% ====================================================
\begin{table}[t]
    \centering
    \begin{tabularx}{17cm}{|XXXXXX}
    \hline
        \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{\small{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}} CZECH TECHNICAL\\UNIVERSITY\\IN PRAGUE\end{tabular}}}
        & \multicolumn{4}{c|}{\textbf{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}DEPARTMENT OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS\\FACULTY OF TRANSPORTATION SCIENCES\end{tabular}}} \\ \hline
        \multicolumn{6}{|c|}{\textbf{{\begin{tabular}[c]{@{}c@{}}\\\Large{PHYSICS LABORATORY EXERCISES}\\ \\ \end{tabular}}}} \\ \hline
        \multicolumn{4}{|l}{\scriptsize Name}&\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\scriptsize Date of measurement} \\
        \multicolumn{4}{|l}{\fullName}&\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\dateMeasurement} \\ \hline
        \multicolumn{3}{|p{7cm}|}{\scriptsize Academic Year}&\scriptsize{Study Year}&\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\scriptsize Date of delivery}\\
        \multicolumn{3}{|l|}{\academicYear}&\yearOfStudy&\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\dateDelivery} \\ \hline
        \multicolumn{4}{|l}{\scriptsize Laboratory group number}&\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{\scriptsize Evaluation}\\
        \multicolumn{4}{|l}{\noGroup}&\multicolumn{2}{|l|}{}\\ \hline
        \scriptsize{Task number}&\multicolumn{5}{|p{14.5cm}|}{\scriptsize Task title} \\
        \begin{tabular}[l]{@{}c@{}} \noTask \\ \\ \end{tabular} &\multicolumn{5}{|p{14.5cm}|}{\begin{tabular}[p]{@{}l@{}} \titleTask \\ \end{tabular} } \\ \hline
    \end{tabularx}
\end{table}

% Report content
% ===============
\section*{Task}

$\vdots$

\section*{Conclusions}

\end{document}